1 00:00:06,150 --> 00:00:09,260 TODAY'S EPISODE OF S.T.E.M. IN 30 IS ALL ABOUT THE 2 00:00:09,260 --> 00:00:13,280 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. >> SPECIFICALLY, 15 YEARS OF 3 00:00:13,280 --> 00:00:15,960 HUMAN PRESENCE ON THE SPACE STATION. 4 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:19,630 >> TO KICK THINGS OFF, WE HAVE 15 FACTS ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL 5 00:00:19,630 --> 00:00:23,039 SPACE STATION BROUGHT TO YOU BY OUR FRIENDS HERE AT THE NATIONAL 6 00:00:23,039 --> 00:00:26,039 AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM. >> FACT NUMBER 15†-- 7 00:00:26,039 --> 00:00:29,320 >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION COMPLETES 15†1/2 ORBITS 8 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:32,009 PER DAY AND AN ORBIT EVERY 90 MINUTES. 9 00:00:32,009 --> 00:00:36,090 THIS MEANS THEY SEE 16 SUNRISES AND SUNSETS EVERY DAY. 10 00:00:36,090 --> 00:00:39,000 >> FACT NUMBER 14†-- >> TWO MEMBERS OF THE CREW, 11 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:43,680 SCOTT KELLY, ARE IN THE MIDDLE OF SPENDING AN ENTIRE YEAR IN 12 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:45,469 SPACE. >> NUMBER 13†-- 13 00:00:45,469 --> 00:00:47,840 >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION IS VISIBLE FROM YOUR 14 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:50,100 BACKYARD. IF YOU KNOW WHERE TO LOOK. 15 00:00:50,100 --> 00:00:52,710 >> 12†-- >> THE ISS IS ALMOST THE SIZE OF 16 00:00:52,710 --> 00:00:54,980 A FOOTBALL FIELD. >> NUMBER 11†-- 17 00:00:54,980 --> 00:00:58,379 >> THE SOLAR PANELS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 18 00:00:58,379 --> 00:01:03,670 PROVIDE OVER 75 KILOWATTS OF POWER, ARE OVER EIGHT ACRES IN 19 00:01:03,670 --> 00:01:06,490 SIZE. >> NUMBER TEN†-- 20 00:01:06,490 --> 00:01:09,700 >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION ORBITS APPROXIMATELY 250 21 00:01:09,700 --> 00:01:12,930 MILES ABOVE THE EARTH. >> NUMBER NINE†-- 22 00:01:12,930 --> 00:01:16,759 >> THERE ARE TWO TOILETS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 23 00:01:16,759 --> 00:01:19,380 ASTRONAUTS HAVE TO STRAP THEMSELVES IN TO USE THEM. 24 00:01:19,380 --> 00:01:22,900 >> NUMBER EIGHT†-- >> SOME OF THE MODULES OF THE 25 00:01:22,900 --> 00:01:28,170 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION ARE CALLED UNITY, ZARIA, DESTINY, 26 00:01:28,170 --> 00:01:33,780 AND HARMONY. THE RUSSIAN MODULES MEAN STAR 27 00:01:33,780 --> 00:01:37,009 AND SUNRISE, RESPECTIVELY. >> NUMBER SEVEN†-- 28 00:01:37,009 --> 00:01:40,799 >> THERE ARE 52 COMPUTERS ON THE ISS. 29 00:01:40,799 --> 00:01:43,741 >> NUMBER SIX†-- >> 26 COUNTRIES PARTICIPATE IN 30 00:01:43,741 --> 00:01:45,860 THE OPERATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 31 00:01:45,860 --> 00:01:50,280 >> NUMBER FIVE†-- >> THE ISS WEIGHS OVER 450 TONS. 32 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:53,500 THAT'S ALMOST 1 MILLION POUNDS. >> NUMBER FOUR†-- 33 00:01:53,500 --> 00:01:56,399 >> 220 DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE VISITED THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 34 00:01:56,399 --> 00:02:00,659 STATION, INCLUDING ASTRONAUTS FROM 17 COUNTRIES, 33 WOMEN, 7 35 00:02:00,659 --> 00:02:05,149 TOURISTS, 79 DOUBLE, 28 TRIPS, AND 6 QUADRUPLE FLYERS. 36 00:02:05,149 --> 00:02:07,729 >> NUMBER THREE†-- >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 37 00:02:07,729 --> 00:02:12,800 STATION HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY OCCUPIED SINCE NOVEMBER OF 2000. 38 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:15,910 THAT MEANS FOR THE LAST 15 YEARS, THERE HAS NOT BEEN A 39 00:02:15,910 --> 00:02:19,840 SINGLE DAY WITHOUT AN ASTRONAUT IN ORBIT AROUND THE EARTH. 40 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:22,330 >> NUMBER TWO†-- >> EQUIPMENT ON BOARD THE 41 00:02:22,330 --> 00:02:26,180 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION HAS INCLUDED AN ESPRESSO MACHINE, A 42 00:02:26,180 --> 00:02:29,700 3D PRINTER, AND A TREADMILL NAMED AFTER STEPHEN COLBERT. 43 00:02:29,700 --> 00:02:34,260 >> AND THE NUMBER ONE FUN FACT ABOUT 15 YEARS ON THE 44 00:02:34,260 --> 00:02:37,420 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION†-- >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 45 00:02:37,420 --> 00:02:42,640 STATION TRAVELS AT A MINIMUM SPEED OF 17,500 MILES AN HOUR. 46 00:02:42,640 --> 00:02:46,300 THAT'S WHAT WE CALL SMOKING. >> I HAVE ANOTHER FUN FACT FOR 47 00:02:46,300 --> 00:02:48,209 YOU. 15 TIMES TWO IS†-- 48 00:02:48,209 --> 00:02:52,970 >> I SEE WHERE YOU'RE GOING. >> WAIT, WAIT, WAIT. 49 00:02:52,970 --> 00:02:55,700 WE HAVE SOME FRIENDS WHO ARE ASTRONAUTS WHO HAVE ACTUALLY 50 00:02:55,700 --> 00:02:57,629 BEEN ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 51 00:02:57,629 --> 00:03:00,080 WHY DON'T WE LET THEM INTRODUCE. \M\M 52 00:03:43,209 --> 00:03:06,440 >> THIS IS S.T.E.M. IN 30. \M\M 53 00:03:43,209 --> 00:03:53,500 >> HI, I'M MARTY. >> AND I'M BETH. 54 00:03:53,500 --> 00:03:55,980 >> WE'RE COMING TO YOU LIVE TODAY FROM THE NATIONAL AIR AND 55 00:03:55,980 --> 00:04:01,799 SPACE MUSEUM IN WASHINGTON, D.C. >> AS YOU SAW, OUR SHOW TODAY IS 56 00:04:01,799 --> 00:04:04,330 ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, BUT THE INTERNATIONAL 57 00:04:04,330 --> 00:04:09,099 SPACE STATION IS NOT THE FIRST STATION IN SPACE. 58 00:04:09,099 --> 00:04:12,360 >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION IS NOT THE HUMAN RACE'S 59 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:15,319 FIRST SPACE STATION. THE IDEA OF A SPACE STATION HAS 60 00:04:15,319 --> 00:04:19,070 BEEN AROUND FOR 150 YEARS. AN AMERICAN NOVELIST WROTE A 61 00:04:19,070 --> 00:04:21,870 STORY ABOUT A GIANT MOON UP IN THE HEAVENS. 62 00:04:21,870 --> 00:04:26,759 LATER, A PHYSICIST COINED THE TERM SPACE STATION. 63 00:04:26,759 --> 00:04:32,180 65 YEARS AGO, AN ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED ABOUT A SPACE STATION 64 00:04:32,180 --> 00:04:35,110 THAT COULD SERVE AS A JUMPING OFF PLACE TO MARS. 65 00:04:35,110 --> 00:04:37,740 NOT LONG AFTER THAT, THE SOVIETS AND THE UNITED STATES HAD A 66 00:04:37,740 --> 00:04:41,300 15-YEAR RACE TO THE MOON. AFTER THE U.S. LANDED ON THE 67 00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:44,250 MOON, THE SOVIETS REFOCUSED THEIR EFFORTS INTO CREATING A 68 00:04:44,250 --> 00:04:52,250 LOW-EARTH ORBIT SPACE STATION. SKY LAB WAS LAUNCHED BY THE 69 00:04:52,250 --> 00:04:55,419 UNITED STATES, BECOMING AMERICA'S FIRST SPACE STATION. 70 00:04:55,419 --> 00:04:58,880 ASTRONAUTS WERE ABLE TO SPEND A TOTAL OF 84 DAYS ON BOARD. 71 00:04:58,880 --> 00:05:01,509 WITH THE APOLLO TEST PROJECT, THE UNITED STATES AND THE 72 00:05:01,509 --> 00:05:03,770 SOVIETS WORKED TOGETHER FOR THE FIRST TIME. 73 00:05:03,770 --> 00:05:07,360 TWO SPACESHIPS WERE LAUNCHED. FROM THE U.S. AND FROM THE USSR. 74 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:10,039 THESE TWO SPACESHIPS DOCKED IN SPACE. 75 00:05:10,039 --> 00:05:13,160 AFTER LAUNCHING SIX MORE MISSIONS, THE SOVIETS BEGAN 76 00:05:13,160 --> 00:05:15,900 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SPACE STATION MIR, WHICH STAYED IN 77 00:05:15,900 --> 00:05:19,820 ORBIT FOR 15 YEARS. AT THE TIME, IT SHATTERED ALL 78 00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:21,770 THE LONG-DURATION SPACE FLIGHT RECORDS. 79 00:05:21,770 --> 00:05:24,990 IT ALSO SHOWED COOPERATION BETWEEN THE FORMER SOVIETS, NOW 80 00:05:24,990 --> 00:05:28,500 RUSSIA, THE UNITED STATES, AND COUNTRIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. 81 00:05:28,500 --> 00:05:32,060 THE MIR WAS THE FIRST TRULY MODULAR SPACE STATION, AND ITS 82 00:05:32,060 --> 00:05:34,650 DESIGN WAS A STEPPINGSTONE TOWARDS OUR CURRENT 83 00:05:34,650 --> 00:05:41,340 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. >> WELL, LET'S START BY 84 00:05:41,340 --> 00:05:46,050 WELCOMING OUR AUDIENCE. WE HAVE POTOMAC PREP WITH US. 85 00:05:46,050 --> 00:05:49,949 ALSO ONLINE, CHRIST THE KING IN RUTLEDGE, VERMONT. 86 00:05:49,949 --> 00:05:51,750 THEY'LL HAVE A COUPLE QUESTIONS FOR US LATER. 87 00:05:51,750 --> 00:05:54,789 >> WE'D ALSO LIKE TO THANK OUR ONLINE VIEWERS AND THOSE 88 00:05:54,789 --> 00:05:57,860 WATCHING ON NASA TV TODAY AND REMIND YOU THAT YOU CAN SUBMIT 89 00:05:57,860 --> 00:06:00,389 QUESTIONS. WE HAVE AN EXPERT STANDING BY 90 00:06:00,389 --> 00:06:03,680 READY TO ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS, AND SOME OF THEM WE'LL ACTUALLY 91 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:07,389 USE ON THE SHOW TODAY. >> TODAY WE ARE CELEBRATING 15 92 00:06:07,389 --> 00:06:10,620 YEARS OF CONTINUING HUMAN PRESENCE ON THE INTERNATIONAL 93 00:06:10,620 --> 00:06:12,240 SPACE STATION. >> TO GET US STARTED, LET'S GO 94 00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:16,590 TO SAMANTHA, WHO SPENT 200 DAYS ON BOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 95 00:06:16,590 --> 00:06:28,710 STATION. >> 96 00:06:28,710 --> 00:06:31,610 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, WHAT I LIKE TO CALL 97 00:06:31,610 --> 00:06:36,460 HUMANITY'S OUTPOST IN SPACE, HAS BEEN PERMANENTLY INHABITED SINCE 98 00:06:36,460 --> 00:06:40,370 NOVEMBER 2000. SO HAPPY 15th ANNIVERSARY, 99 00:06:40,370 --> 00:06:46,520 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. >> SO EARLIER, WE ASKED SOME 100 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:50,830 STUDENTS WHAT WORDS DESCRIBE THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 101 00:06:50,830 --> 00:06:57,849 450 STUDENTS REPLIED. WE MADE A WORD CLOUD. 102 00:06:57,849 --> 00:07:01,470 A WORD CLOUD TAKES THE WORDS THAT WERE MOST USED AND MAKES 103 00:07:01,470 --> 00:07:04,710 THEM THE LARGEST ON THE SCREEN. SO AS YOU GUYS CAN SEE, SPACE IS 104 00:07:04,710 --> 00:07:06,860 THE LARGEST ON THE SCREEN, RIGHT. 105 00:07:06,860 --> 00:07:10,889 WHAT ARE SOME OTHER WORDS THAT YOU THINK SHOULD BE UP THERE? 106 00:07:10,889 --> 00:07:13,669 I THINK YOU HAD A REALLY GOOD IDEA, DIDN'T YOU? 107 00:07:13,669 --> 00:07:15,840 WHAT'S THE WORD YOU WANTED TO PUT UP THERE AND WHY? 108 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:19,840 >> THE WORD I WANTED TO PUT UP THERE WAS WONDERFUL BECAUSE THE 109 00:07:19,840 --> 00:07:24,180 UNIVERSE IS REALLY BIG, AND IT SEEMS LIKE IT SHOULD BE†-- IT 110 00:07:24,180 --> 00:07:26,460 SEEMS LIKE IT'S WONDERFUL. >> OKAY. 111 00:07:26,460 --> 00:07:29,919 SO WONDERFUL WOULD BE A WORD THAT YOU WOULD ADD. 112 00:07:29,919 --> 00:07:32,840 LET'S SEE WHAT KATHY AND MARTY MIGHT ADD TO OUR WORD CLOUD. 113 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:35,539 >> I'M JOINED TODAY BY KATHY LEWIS, THE CURATOR FOR 114 00:07:35,539 --> 00:07:39,020 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STUDIES HERE AT THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE 115 00:07:39,020 --> 00:07:40,870 MUSEUM. WERE THERE ANY WORDS ON THAT 116 00:07:40,870 --> 00:07:43,099 WORD CLOUD YOU THINK MAYBE WE MISSED? 117 00:07:43,099 --> 00:07:44,949 >> THERE'S ONE WORD I DIDN'T SEE. 118 00:07:44,949 --> 00:07:46,410 IT'S FALLING. >> FALLING? 119 00:07:46,410 --> 00:07:49,770 >> YES, BECAUSE THE ASTRONAUTS ARE, IN FACT, FALLING AS THEY 120 00:07:49,770 --> 00:07:52,750 ORBIT THE EARTH. THEY'RE TRAVELING AT 17,500 121 00:07:52,750 --> 00:07:56,370 MILES AN HOUR. THEY'RE FALLING TOWARDS EARTH. 122 00:07:56,370 --> 00:07:57,370 THEY JUST KEEP MISSING IT. >> TODAY WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE 123 00:07:57,370 --> 00:07:58,370 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. IT REALLY IS AN INTERNATIONAL 124 00:07:58,370 --> 00:07:59,370 COLLABORATION. >> YES, IT IS. 125 00:07:59,370 --> 00:08:00,370 IT IS A COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES, JAPAN, 126 00:08:00,370 --> 00:08:01,370 RUSSIA, OF COURSE, THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY, AND CANADA. 127 00:08:01,370 --> 00:08:02,370 SO THERE ARE 15 MEMBER STATES THAT ARE PARTICIPATING IN IT. 128 00:08:02,370 --> 00:08:03,370 >> AWESOME. NOW, SOME OF THE RESEARCH GOING 129 00:08:03,370 --> 00:08:04,370 ON RIGHT NOW INVOLVES A COUPLE OF THE CREW MEMBERS. 130 00:08:04,370 --> 00:08:05,370 IT'S KIND OF A LITTLE DIFFERENT THAN WHAT WE'VE DONE UP THERE 131 00:08:05,370 --> 00:08:06,370 BEFORE. >> YES, THEY'RE DOING A REALLY 132 00:08:06,370 --> 00:08:07,370 NEW EXPERIMENT. THEY HAVE A ONE YEAR IN SPACE 133 00:08:07,370 --> 00:08:08,370 PROGRAM JOINTLY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIANS. 134 00:08:08,370 --> 00:08:09,370 THEY'RE WORKING WITH THE EUROPEANS AS WELL. 135 00:08:09,370 --> 00:08:10,370 THEY HAVE AN AMERICAN ASTRONAUT, SCOTT KELLY, AND A RUSSIAN 136 00:08:10,370 --> 00:08:11,370 COSMONAUT. THEY'RE BOTH GOING TO STAY IN 137 00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:12,370 SPACE FOR A YEAR. >> NOW, SCOTT KELLY, THERE'S 138 00:08:12,370 --> 00:08:13,370 SOMETHING INTERESTING ABOUT HIM TOO. 139 00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:14,370 >> YES, THIS IS AN ADD-ON FOR THIS. 140 00:08:14,370 --> 00:08:15,370 SCOTT KELLY, AS YOU MIGHT KNOW, IS A TWIN. 141 00:08:15,370 --> 00:08:16,370 HE HAS A TWIN, MARK KELLY. MARK IS STAYING HERE ON THE 142 00:08:16,370 --> 00:08:17,370 GROUND. THEY'RE BOTH BEING TESTED, AND 143 00:08:17,370 --> 00:08:18,370 THEY'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO HAVE A CONTROL FOR THE FIRST TIME 144 00:08:18,370 --> 00:08:19,370 EVER. THEY'VE GOT A TWIN. 145 00:08:19,370 --> 00:08:20,370 THEY KNOW THEY STARTED OUT THE SAME. 146 00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:21,370 WE'LL FIND OUT IF THEY CHANGE IN ANY WAY. 147 00:08:21,370 --> 00:08:22,370 >> SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENS TO ASTRONAUTS IN SPACE 148 00:08:22,370 --> 00:09:17,230 IS A FLUID SHIFT. SOMETIMES WE CALL THE THAT PUFFY 149 00:09:17,230 --> 00:10:24,480 HEAD BIRD LEGS. CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THAT? 150 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:47,117 >> IT'S SOMETHING WE DON'T THINK ABOUT A LOT HERE ON EARTH. 151 00:10:47,117 --> 00:10:48,117 WE HERE ON EARTH IN ZERO GRAVITY, AND ALL OF OUR FLUIDS 152 00:10:48,117 --> 00:10:49,117 ARE BEING CONSTANTLY PULLED DOWN. 153 00:10:49,117 --> 00:10:50,117 SO IF YOU GET AN INJURY OR YOU SIT FOR A LONG TIME, YOU'LL 154 00:10:50,117 --> 00:10:51,117 NOTICE THAT YOUR LEGS WILL START TO SWELL. 155 00:10:51,117 --> 00:10:52,117 YOU USE THOSE MUSCLES, YOUR CALF MUSCLES, LEG MUSCLES TO PUMP THE 156 00:10:52,117 --> 00:10:53,117 FLUIDS BACK UP. WELL, THE ASTRONAUTS DON'T HAVE 157 00:10:53,117 --> 00:10:54,117 THE GRAVITY PULLING THAT FLUID DOWN. 158 00:10:54,117 --> 00:10:55,117 SO THE FLUID STAYS PRETTY CLOSE AROUND IN THEIR CHEST AND FACES 159 00:10:55,117 --> 00:10:56,117 BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE ANY GRAVITY. 160 00:10:56,117 --> 00:10:57,117 SO THEY GET SORT OF CONGESTED. >> SO WHEN WE SEE THE IMAGES OF 161 00:10:57,117 --> 00:10:58,117 THES A†-- THE ASTRONAUTS IN SPACE, THEIR HEADS LOOK 162 00:10:58,117 --> 00:10:59,117 SIGNIFICANTLY BIGGER. >> YES, IT'S LIKE HAVING A HEAD 163 00:10:59,117 --> 00:11:00,117 COLD. >> ASTRONAUTS AND COSMONAUTS 164 00:11:00,117 --> 00:11:01,117 AREN'T THE ONLY ONES WHO HAVE BEEN THERE. 165 00:11:01,117 --> 00:11:02,117 >> YES, THERE ARE TOURISTS. THEY LIKE TO BE CALLED 166 00:11:02,117 --> 00:11:03,117 SELF-FINANCED SPACE TRAVELERS. WE HAVE HERE IN THE MUSEUM ON 167 00:11:03,117 --> 00:11:04,117 EXHIBIT THE SPACE SUIT THAT DENNIS TIDO, THE FIRST 168 00:11:04,117 --> 00:11:05,117 SELF-FINANCED SPACE TRAVELER, WORE IN SPACE. 169 00:11:05,117 --> 00:11:06,117 IN FACT, THERE HAVE BEEN MANY WHO HAVE DONE THAT. 170 00:11:06,117 --> 00:11:07,117 THEY'VE PAID THE MONEY, DONE TRAINING FOR SIX MONTHS, AND 171 00:11:07,117 --> 00:11:08,117 THERE WAS ONE WHO USED TO WORK FOR MICROSOFT WHO WENT UP NOT 172 00:11:08,117 --> 00:11:09,117 ONCE BUT TWICE. HE PAID TWICE TO GO TO THE SPACE 173 00:11:09,117 --> 00:11:10,117 STATION. >> WOW. 174 00:11:10,117 --> 00:11:11,117 YOU READY TO TAKE SOME QUESTIONS? 175 00:11:11,117 --> 00:11:12,117 >> YES, ABSOLUTELY. >> ALL RIGHT. 176 00:11:12,117 --> 00:11:13,117 OUR FIRST QUESTION IS FROM SOFIA FROM CHRIST THE KING IN VERMONT. 177 00:11:13,117 --> 00:11:14,117 >> HOW DO ASTRONAUTS PREPARE FOR THE LONG STAY ON THE 178 00:11:14,117 --> 00:11:15,117 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION? >> REALLY GOOD QUESTION. 179 00:11:15,117 --> 00:11:16,117 THE ASTRONAUTS PREPARE BY GETTING IN THE BEST PHYSICAL 180 00:11:16,117 --> 00:11:17,117 SHAPE POSSIBLE. THEY ALSO REHEARSE WHAT THEY'RE 181 00:11:17,117 --> 00:11:18,117 GOING TO BE DOING IN THE NEUTRAL BUOYANCY LAB IN THE UNDERWATER 182 00:11:18,117 --> 00:11:19,117 TANK AND DOING SPACE WALKS. THEY ALSO PRACTICE ON WORKING 183 00:11:19,117 --> 00:11:20,117 ALL THE EQUIPMENT THEY'RE GOING TO BE WORKING ON. 184 00:11:20,117 --> 00:11:21,117 AFTER YEARS AND YEARS OF BEING SPECIALISTS AS SCIENTISTS AND 185 00:11:21,117 --> 00:11:22,117 ENGINEERS AND PILOTS, THEY ALSO HAVE TO LEARN TO BE GENERALISTS. 186 00:11:22,117 --> 00:11:23,117 THEY HAVE TO BE PLUMBERS AND COOKS AND ELECTRICIANS SO THEY 187 00:11:23,117 --> 00:11:25,850 CAN MAINTAIN THE SPACE STATION AND KEEP IT OPERATING AT FULL 188 00:11:25,850 --> 00:11:26,920 FUNCTION. >> AWESOME. 189 00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:31,579 WE HAVE AN ONLINE QUESTION NEXT. WHAT IS THE MOST ASKED FOR FOOD 190 00:11:31,579 --> 00:11:34,980 ON THE SPACE STATION? >> WELL, THAT IS A DIFFICULT 191 00:11:34,980 --> 00:11:40,519 ANSWER. EACH PERSON HAS A DIFFERENT IDEA 192 00:11:40,519 --> 00:11:44,050 OF WHAT THEY WANT TO EAT. WHAT I'VE HEARD IS THAT THE 193 00:11:44,050 --> 00:11:48,079 ASTRONAUTS PREFER SPICY FOODS JUST BECAUSE WITH THAT PUFFY 194 00:11:48,079 --> 00:11:51,921 FACE, THEY'RE CONGESTED, LOSE SENSE OF SMELL, SO THEY WANT TO 195 00:11:51,921 --> 00:11:55,480 HAVE SOMETHING VERY SPICY AND TASTY, BUT THEY ALSO LONG FOR 196 00:11:55,480 --> 00:11:58,079 SOMETHING FROM THEIR CHILDHOOD OR SOMETHING THEY REMEMBER THAT 197 00:11:58,079 --> 00:12:02,600 REMINDS THEM OF HOME. ASTRONAUT ANITA WILLIAMS HAD 198 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:06,139 SLOVENIAN SAUSAGES BROUGHT UP FOR HER. 199 00:12:06,139 --> 00:12:10,089 SHE GREW UP IN CLEVELAND IN THE SLOVENIAN COMMUNITY. 200 00:12:10,089 --> 00:12:12,240 THAT WAS SOMETHING THAT REMINDED HER OF HOME. 201 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:13,829 >> AWESOME. WE HAVE AN AUDIENCE QUESTION. 202 00:12:13,829 --> 00:12:20,740 >> HI, MY NAME IS McKAYLA. MY QUESTION IS, DOES TIME MOVE 203 00:12:20,740 --> 00:12:24,100 FASTER OR SLOWER IN SPACE? >> DOES TIME MOVE FASTER OR 204 00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:27,220 SLOWER IN SPACE? >> SHE MUST BE REALLY SMART. 205 00:12:27,220 --> 00:12:31,680 I THINK SHE KNOWS PHYSICS. YES, TIME MOVES†-- SCOTT KELLY 206 00:12:31,680 --> 00:12:36,760 WILL BE EXPERIENCING TIME SLIGHTLY SLOWER THAN HIS BROTHER 207 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:39,250 MARK. SO IF THERE WAS ANY TIME 208 00:12:39,250 --> 00:12:42,029 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHEN THEY WERE BORN, HE WILL ACTUALLY GAIN 209 00:12:42,029 --> 00:12:45,100 ON HIS BROTHER AND BE A LITTLE BIT YOUNGER. 210 00:12:45,100 --> 00:12:49,190 NOT A WHOLE LOT. NOT A YEAR, NOT MINUTES, BUT 211 00:12:49,190 --> 00:12:51,480 MILISECONDS. >> AWESOME. 212 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:54,040 WELL, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO ASTRONAUTS 213 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:56,200 ARE THE PATCHES THEY WEAR ON THEIR SLEEVE THAT REPRESENT 214 00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,720 THEIR MISSION. >> YEAH, THAT'S TRUE. 215 00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:02,360 I UNDERSTAND THAT YOU HAD A CHANCE TO TALK TO ASTRONAUT 216 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:07,029 RANDY, AND MAYBE WE CAN HAVE HIM TELL US ABOUT PATCHES. 217 00:13:07,029 --> 00:13:10,100 >> SOUNDS GOOD. >> I'VE GOT YOUR MISSION PATCH 218 00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:11,480 HERE. CAN YOU TELL US A LITTLE BIT 219 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:14,620 ABOUT THE WORK THAT GOES INTO THIS AND SOME OF THE SYMBOLISM 220 00:13:14,620 --> 00:13:16,089 THAT'S THERE? >> THE NEAT PART ABOUT MISSION 221 00:13:16,089 --> 00:13:20,350 PATCHES IS THEY TRY AND CAPTURE THE ESSENCE OR PERSONALITY OF 222 00:13:20,350 --> 00:13:22,550 THE CREW. OUR PARTICULAR MISSION PATCH, 223 00:13:22,550 --> 00:13:26,870 AND WE HAD SIX AMERICANS ON THE CREW, WHICH WAS UNUSUAL BECAUSE 224 00:13:26,870 --> 00:13:28,050 WE HAD SO MANY INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS. 225 00:13:28,050 --> 00:13:33,720 SO THE ASTRONAUT SYMBOL YOU SEE ARE THE THREE RAYS GOING UP TO 226 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:36,579 THE STAR WITH THE LITTLE HALO. THE ASTRONAUT SYMBOL IS ALWAYS 227 00:13:36,579 --> 00:13:39,339 GOLD. BEING AN ALL-AMERICAN CREW, WE 228 00:13:39,339 --> 00:13:45,449 PUT THE RED, WHITE, AND BLUE. ANOTHER NEAT PART ABOUT OUR 229 00:13:45,449 --> 00:13:49,100 PATCHES, WE HAVE LITTLE STARS IN THE BACKGROUND ABOVE THE EARTH. 230 00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:52,420 SO THE PLAN WAS TO HAVE A STAR FOR EACH ONE OF THE KIDS, 231 00:13:52,420 --> 00:13:54,990 REPRESENTING ALL THE KIDS WHO WERE IN THE FAMILIES OF OUR 232 00:13:54,990 --> 00:13:57,930 CREW. SO WE STARTED OUT WITH 12. 233 00:13:57,930 --> 00:13:59,880 ABOUT FOUR MONTHS INTO IT, AS THE PATCH WAS GETTING FINALIZED, 234 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:02,029 WE FOUND OUT MY WIFE WAS PREGNANT. 235 00:14:02,029 --> 00:14:05,620 WE ENDED UP PUTTING A 13th STAR ON IT. 236 00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:09,029 OF COURSE, THE STORY GOES, MY WIFE ENDED UP GIVING BIRTH 237 00:14:09,029 --> 00:14:11,560 HALFWAY THROUGH OUR MISSION DOWN HERE ON EARTH WHILE I WAS OUT 238 00:14:11,560 --> 00:14:15,949 DOING SPACE WALKS IN SPACE. ONLY THE SECOND TIME THAT'S EVER 239 00:14:15,949 --> 00:14:17,680 HAPPENED. >> PRETTY COOL. 240 00:14:17,680 --> 00:14:19,220 THANKS SO MUCH FOR SHARING THAT WITH US. 241 00:14:19,220 --> 00:14:21,191 >> KATHY, YOU WERE TELLING ME YESTERDAY ABOUT A COUPLE MISSION 242 00:14:21,191 --> 00:14:22,191 PATCHES THAT HAVE SYMBOLISM NOT ONLY WITHIN THE PATCH BUT ACROSS 243 00:14:22,191 --> 00:14:28,730 TWO PATCHES. >> IT'S A REALLY INTERESTING 244 00:14:28,730 --> 00:14:32,240 INTERNATIONAL STORY. THE COMMANDER OF THE MISSION 245 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:38,360 THAT TOOK MARK KELLY TO THE SPACE STATION GREW UP IN RUSSIA. 246 00:14:38,360 --> 00:14:42,279 HE REMEMBERS WITNESSING THE FINAL MISSION TO APOLLO. 247 00:14:42,279 --> 00:14:47,160 SO HE DESIGNED HIS PATCH TO SORT OF MATCH AND MIMIC THE SYMBOLISM 248 00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:49,810 FROM THE APOLLO MISSION. YOU CAN SEE THEY LOOK VERY 249 00:14:49,810 --> 00:14:52,329 SIMILAR. THEY SUBSTITUTED SOME PICTURES 250 00:14:52,329 --> 00:14:55,130 AND IMAGES FOR OTHERS. BUT THERE'S A REALLY NICE 251 00:14:55,130 --> 00:14:56,529 CROSSOVER. >> THAT'S REALLY COOL. 252 00:14:56,529 --> 00:15:00,420 NOW, WE HAVE SOMETHING WE WANT YOU GUYS TO DO. 253 00:15:00,420 --> 00:15:02,690 WE WANT TO SEE YOUR MISSION PATCHES. 254 00:15:02,690 --> 00:15:05,910 WE WANT YOU TO GO BACK TO YOUR CLASSROOM, WE WANT YOU TO DESIGN 255 00:15:05,910 --> 00:15:09,010 A MISSION PATCH EITHER FOR YOUR CLASS OR SMALL GROUP, OR EVEN 256 00:15:09,010 --> 00:15:10,949 YOUR FAMILY. THINK ABOUT ALL OF THAT 257 00:15:10,949 --> 00:15:13,889 SYMBOLISM. WE WANT TO SEE PICTURES OF YOUR 258 00:15:13,889 --> 00:15:15,600 PATCHES. YOU CAN HAVE A PARENT OR A 259 00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,529 TEACHER HELP YOU TWEET THEM TO S.T.E.M. IN 30 OR PUT THEM ON 260 00:15:18,529 --> 00:15:21,010 OUR FACEBOOK PAGE OR E-MAIL THEM TO US. 261 00:15:21,010 --> 00:15:27,990 NOW, ONE OF THE REALLY EXCITING THINGS FOR ME IS YOU GUYS CAN 262 00:15:27,990 --> 00:15:31,410 ACTUALLY GO OUTSIDE TONIGHT, LOOK UP IN THE SKY FROM YOUR 263 00:15:31,410 --> 00:15:34,589 BACKYARD, AND SEE THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION PASS 264 00:15:34,589 --> 00:15:36,360 OVER. HAVE YOU EVER DONE THIS BEFORE? 265 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:38,639 >> YES, I HAVE. >> IT'S INCREDIBLY COOL. 266 00:15:38,639 --> 00:15:40,509 I ALWAYS WAVE. I DON'T KNOW IF THEY CAN SEE ME 267 00:15:40,509 --> 00:15:41,940 OR NOT. >> I DON'T THINK SO. 268 00:15:41,940 --> 00:15:44,880 >> BUT IT IS REALLY COOL. HERE'S HOW YOU CAN GO OUT INTO 269 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:47,620 YOUR BACKYARD AND SEE THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 270 00:15:47,620 --> 00:15:54,620 >> WE CAN SPOT THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION FROM OUR BACKYARD, 271 00:15:54,620 --> 00:15:57,610 AND ALL THAT WE NEED TO KNOW IS WHEN AND WHERE TO LOOK. 272 00:15:57,610 --> 00:16:02,829 LET'S START BY GOING TO THE NASA WEBSITE SPOTTHESTATION.NASA.GOV. 273 00:16:02,829 --> 00:16:05,579 THIS WILL GIVE US ALL THE INFORMATION WE NEED. 274 00:16:05,579 --> 00:16:10,519 NOW, LET'S TRY TO SPOT THE STATION. 275 00:16:10,519 --> 00:16:13,660 WE SEE ON THIS PASS, THE STATION WILL BECOME VISIBLE AT 276 00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:18,620 NORTH-NORTHWEST AT 8:32 P.M. LET'S BE SURE WE ARE ON TIME 277 00:16:18,620 --> 00:16:20,660 BECAUSE THE SPACE STATION WON'T WAIT. 278 00:16:20,660 --> 00:16:25,389 FIRST, LET'S USE OUR COMPASS TO FIND WEST. 279 00:16:25,389 --> 00:16:30,740 NOW FIND NORTH. NORTHWEST IS BETWEEN NORTH AND 280 00:16:30,740 --> 00:16:34,759 WEST. NORTH-NORTHWEST IS BETWEEN 281 00:16:34,759 --> 00:16:39,389 NORTHWEST AND NORTH. OKAY. 282 00:16:39,389 --> 00:16:42,170 GOT IT. NEXT, WE SEE IT'S GOING TO 283 00:16:42,170 --> 00:16:49,370 DISAPPEAR IN THE EAST. GOT THAT LOCATION. 284 00:16:49,370 --> 00:16:55,410 THE ENTIRE VISIBLE PASS WILL HAPPEN BETWEEN THOSE TWO AREAS. 285 00:16:55,410 --> 00:16:58,589 NOW WE HAVE TO DETERMINE HOW HIGH IT'S GOING TO BE. 286 00:16:58,589 --> 00:17:01,411 HEIGHT IS MEASURED IN DEGREES. THERE'S A SIMPLE WAY TO 287 00:17:01,411 --> 00:17:04,350 DETERMINE THIS HEIGHT. HOLD YOUR HAND OUT AWAY FROM 288 00:17:04,350 --> 00:17:07,959 YOUR BODY AND MAKE A FIST. IF YOU PLACE THE BOTTOM OF YOUR 289 00:17:07,959 --> 00:17:12,699 FIST ON THE HORIZON, THAT LINE WHERE THE SKY MEETS THE GROUND, 290 00:17:12,699 --> 00:17:16,370 THE TOP OF YOUR FIST WILL BE APPROXIMATELY TEN DEGREES. 291 00:17:16,370 --> 00:17:20,410 YOU CAN THEN STACK YOUR FISTS ON TOP OF EACH OTHER TO REACH 20, 292 00:17:20,410 --> 00:17:26,039 30, 40 DEGREES OR HIGHER. TONIGHT THE SPACE STATION WILL 293 00:17:26,039 --> 00:17:28,740 APPEAR AT TEN DEGREES NORTH-NORTHWEST. 294 00:17:28,740 --> 00:17:31,549 IF I PLACE ONE FIST IN FRONT OF ME WHILE LOOKING 295 00:17:31,549 --> 00:17:36,289 NORTH-NORTHWEST, THIS IS WHERE IT SHOULD FIRST BECOME VISIBLE. 296 00:17:36,289 --> 00:17:39,440 GOT IT. IT WILL DISAPPEAR AT 20 DEGREES 297 00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:42,870 EAST. RIGHT THERE. 298 00:17:42,870 --> 00:17:49,480 AT ITS HIGHEST POINT, IT WILL REACH 40 DEGREES. 299 00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:52,900 BINGO. WE NOW HAVE A GOOD IDEA OF THE 300 00:17:52,900 --> 00:17:57,610 APPROXIMATE PATH THAT THE SPACE STATION WILL BE TRAVELING ALONG. 301 00:17:57,610 --> 00:17:59,990 IT'S ALMOST TIME. LET'S LOOK IN THE GENERAL 302 00:17:59,990 --> 00:18:02,940 DIRECTION OF WHERE THE PASS WILL BECOME VISIBLE. 303 00:18:02,940 --> 00:18:06,039 WE WILL SCAN A WIDER AREA IN CASE WE ARE A LITTLE OFF WITH 304 00:18:06,039 --> 00:18:09,090 OUR MEASUREMENTS. THE STATION DOES NOT HAVE LIGHTS 305 00:18:09,090 --> 00:18:11,370 OUTSIDE THAT ARE VISIBLE FROM EARTH. 306 00:18:11,370 --> 00:18:14,620 WHEN WE SEE IT, WE ARE ACTUALLY SEEING THE SUN REFLECTING OFF OF 307 00:18:14,620 --> 00:18:16,690 IT. ONCE THE STATION BECOMES 308 00:18:16,690 --> 00:18:20,049 VISIBLE, IT WILL TAKE ABOUT SIX MINUTES TO PASS ACROSS THE SKY. 309 00:18:20,049 --> 00:18:22,340 IT WILL NOT BLINK LIKE AN AIRPLANE. 310 00:18:22,340 --> 00:18:26,450 IT WILL LOOK LIKE A VERY BRIGHT STAR THAT IS TRAVELING VERY FAST 311 00:18:26,450 --> 00:18:29,650 ACROSS THE SKY. HERE IT COMES. 312 00:18:29,650 --> 00:18:42,230 WAVE TO THE ASTRONAUTS. >> KATHY, WE'VE TALKED A LOT 313 00:18:42,230 --> 00:18:44,030 ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION TODAY. 314 00:18:44,030 --> 00:18:46,590 SEEMS LIKE MAYBE WE NEED TO TALK TO SOMEBODY WHO'S ACTUALLY BEEN 315 00:18:46,590 --> 00:18:48,190 TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 316 00:18:48,190 --> 00:18:51,350 >> I UNDERSTAND YOU HAD A CHANCE TO TALK WITH ASTRONAUT CLAY 317 00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:53,470 ANDERSON. LET'S GET IN WITH SOMEONE WHO'S 318 00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:55,600 BEEN ON THE SPACE STATION FOR FIVE MONTHS. 319 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,039 >> I'M JOINED BY ASTRONAUT CLAY ANDERSON. 320 00:18:59,039 --> 00:19:02,360 YOU'RE A VETERAN OF SPACE FLIGHTS. 321 00:19:02,360 --> 00:19:07,789 TELL ME ABOUT WHAT IT'S LIKE ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 322 00:19:07,789 --> 00:19:10,370 >> LIVING ON THE SPACE STATION IS A BLAST. 323 00:19:10,370 --> 00:19:13,740 I WAS SUPERMAN EVERY DAY. I FLEW TO BREAKFAST. 324 00:19:13,740 --> 00:19:16,240 I FLEW TO WORK. IF I WANTED TO TAKE A BREAK, I 325 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:19,000 FLEW TO THE BATHROOM. I EVEN FLEW WHEN I WAS GOING TO 326 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:21,590 THE BATHROOM. IT WAS AWESOME. 327 00:19:21,590 --> 00:19:24,630 >> WHAT WAS YOUR FAVORITE THING ON THE SPACE STATION? 328 00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:27,500 >> I THINK FOR MOST ASTRONAUTS, OR AT LEAST FOR ME, THE FAVORITE 329 00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:29,870 THING TO DO WAS FLOAT AROUND IN ZERO G, RIGHT. 330 00:19:29,870 --> 00:19:34,690 I COULD SPIN, FLIP UPSIDE DOWN, FLY LIKE SUPERMAN, BE FAST, BE 331 00:19:34,690 --> 00:19:36,570 SLOW. IT WAS REALLY, REALLY COOL. 332 00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:40,360 THE SECOND BEST THING WOULD HAVE TO BE LOOKING OUT THE WINDOW AT 333 00:19:40,360 --> 00:19:42,700 THE VIEWS OF EARTH. >> WHAT WAS YOUR LEAST FAVORITE 334 00:19:42,700 --> 00:19:44,470 THING? >> OH, MAN. 335 00:19:44,470 --> 00:19:47,100 CLEANING THE TOILETS AND VACUUMING ON SATURDAYS. 336 00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:50,289 EVERY SATURDAY WE HAD TO DO WORK, JUST LIKE I WAS AT HOME. 337 00:19:50,289 --> 00:19:53,620 I HAD TO GET OUT THE VACUUM CLEANER, TAKE OUT THE WET WIPES, 338 00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:56,410 WIPE EVERYTHING DOWN. THAT WAS A PAIN IN THE REAR END. 339 00:19:56,410 --> 00:19:57,960 >> AWESOME. THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR TALKING 340 00:19:57,960 --> 00:19:59,280 WITH US TODAY. >> MY PLEASURE. 341 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:02,890 THANKS FOR HAVING ME. >> HERE AT S.T.E.M. IN 30, WE 342 00:20:02,890 --> 00:20:06,240 HAVE OUR VERY OWN GAME SHOW. LET'S GO TO BETH WITH S.T.E.M. 343 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:12,390 IT TO WIN IT. \M\M 344 00:20:12,390 --> 00:20:16,280 >> THANKS, MARTY. I'M HERE WITH SOME FRIENDS FROM 345 00:20:16,280 --> 00:20:21,049 POTOMAC PREP. THE NAME OF THE GAME IS THEN OR 346 00:20:21,049 --> 00:20:23,669 NOW. I'M GOING TO READ YOU A QUESTION 347 00:20:23,669 --> 00:20:27,380 ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, AND YOU HIT THE BUZZER 348 00:20:27,380 --> 00:20:30,150 AND TELL ME WHETHER IT'S HAPPENING NOW OR IF IT HAPPENED 349 00:20:30,150 --> 00:20:32,919 15 YEARS AGO. ARE YOU ALL READY TO BEGIN? 350 00:20:32,919 --> 00:20:34,309 >> YES. >> OKAY. 351 00:20:34,309 --> 00:20:38,220 THE FIRST STATEMENT IS, ASTRONAUTS ARE ABLE TO TWEET 352 00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:39,740 FROM SPACE. >> NOW. 353 00:20:39,740 --> 00:20:41,799 OKAY, LET'S SEE WHAT THE 354 00:20:41,799 --> 00:20:48,250 IN-HOUSE AUDIENCE SAYS. MOST OF THEM SAY NOW. 355 00:20:48,250 --> 00:20:52,980 A FEW THENS OUT THERE. OUR ONLINE AUDIENCE SAYS NOW. 356 00:20:52,980 --> 00:20:57,419 LET'S HEAR FROM KATHY AND MARTY. >> WERE ASTRONAUTS TWEETING FROM 357 00:20:57,419 --> 00:20:59,590 SPACE 15 YEARS AGO? >> NO. 358 00:20:59,590 --> 00:21:01,789 THIS AUDIENCE IS MAKING ME FEEL OLD. 359 00:21:01,789 --> 00:21:05,220 THERE WAS NO TWITTER BACK THEN, 15 YEARS AGO. 360 00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:07,240 SO NOW IS THE RIGHT ANSWER. >> AWESOME. 361 00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:08,970 ALL RIGHT, BETH, ANOTHER QUESTION? 362 00:21:08,970 --> 00:21:11,140 >> YES. OUR NEXT STATEMENT IS, THE SIZE 363 00:21:11,140 --> 00:21:15,120 OF THE CREW ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION IS THREE. 364 00:21:15,120 --> 00:21:16,860 THEN OR NOW? >> THEN. 365 00:21:16,860 --> 00:21:19,630 >> THEN? LET'S SEE WHAT OUR IN-HOUSE 366 00:21:19,630 --> 00:21:25,370 AUDIENCE SAYS. AGAIN, OUR IN-HOUSE AUDIENCE IS 367 00:21:25,370 --> 00:21:28,940 REALLY DIVIDED. THE ONLINE AUDIENCE SAYS THEN. 368 00:21:28,940 --> 00:21:31,940 LET'S SEE. LET'S HEAR FROM KATHY AND MARTY. 369 00:21:31,940 --> 00:21:34,700 >> CREW ON THE SPACE STATION, SIZE OF THREE. 370 00:21:34,700 --> 00:21:36,450 THEN OR NOW? >> THAT WAS THEN. 371 00:21:36,450 --> 00:21:39,730 NOW WE HAVE SIX. >> SO WE HAVE A MUCH LARGER CREW 372 00:21:39,730 --> 00:21:41,260 NOW. BETH, ANOTHER QUESTION? 373 00:21:41,260 --> 00:21:43,890 >> YES, I DO. OKAY. 374 00:21:43,890 --> 00:21:48,350 ARE YOU READY? ASTRONAUTS RECYCLE URINE AND 375 00:21:48,350 --> 00:21:51,121 SWEAT INTO DRINKING WATER. THEN OR NOW? 376 00:21:51,121 --> 00:21:52,750 >> NOW. >> NOW? 377 00:21:52,750 --> 00:21:56,530 OKAY. LET'S SEE WHAT OUR IN-HOUSE 378 00:21:56,530 --> 00:22:00,080 AUDIENCE SAYS. LOOKS LIKE A LOT OF THEM ARE 379 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,039 SAYING NOW. THE ONLINE AUDIENCE SAYS NOW. 380 00:22:03,039 --> 00:22:05,640 LET'S HEAR WHAT KATHY AND MARTY HAVE TO SAY. 381 00:22:05,640 --> 00:22:07,919 >> ASTRONAUTS RECYCLING WATER ON THE SPACE STATION. 382 00:22:07,919 --> 00:22:09,299 THEN OR NOW? >> THAT IS NOW. 383 00:22:09,299 --> 00:22:15,220 IN FACT, SCOTT KELLY IS GOING TO DRINK 730 GALLONS OF RECYCLED 384 00:22:15,220 --> 00:22:18,360 URINE DURING THE COURSE OF HIS STAY ON THE ISS. 385 00:22:18,360 --> 00:22:19,929 >> WOW. THAT'S INCREDIBLY GROSS, BUT 386 00:22:19,929 --> 00:22:21,710 THAT'S REALLY COOL AS WELL. ALL RIGHT. 387 00:22:21,710 --> 00:22:24,020 BETH, DO YOU HAVE ANOTHER ONE? >> WE DO. 388 00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:26,419 OUR LAST QUESTION IS, ARE YOU READY? 389 00:22:26,419 --> 00:22:28,600 >> YES. >> ASTRONAUTS LOVE TAKING 390 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:30,241 PICTURES FROM SPACE. THEN OR NOW? 391 00:22:30,241 --> 00:22:33,320 >> NOW. >> NOW, OKAY. 392 00:22:33,320 --> 00:22:36,299 LET'S SEE WHAT OUR IN-HOUSE AUDIENCE SAYS. 393 00:22:36,299 --> 00:22:39,919 LOOKS LIKE THEN AND NOW FROM THE IN-HOUSE AUDIENCE. 394 00:22:39,919 --> 00:22:43,169 OUR ONLINE AUDIENCE SAYS NOW. LET'S SEE WHAT KATHY AND MARTY 395 00:22:43,169 --> 00:22:45,230 HAVE TO SAY. >> TAKING PICTURES AND LOOKING 396 00:22:45,230 --> 00:22:46,720 AT EARTH FROM SPACE. THEN OR NOW? 397 00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:49,090 >> TRICK QUESTION. THEN AND NOW. 398 00:22:49,090 --> 00:22:51,909 THAT WAS THE FIRST THING ASTRONAUTS DID WHEN THEY FIRST 399 00:22:51,909 --> 00:22:56,340 ORBIT THE EARTH IN 1961, AND THEY STILL LOVE IT TO THIS DAY. 400 00:22:56,340 --> 00:22:58,900 >> IT'S REALLY COOL NOW THAT ASTRONAUTS ARE ABLE TO TWEET 401 00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:00,650 FROM SPACE. THEY CAN SHARE THOSE IMAGES 402 00:23:00,650 --> 00:23:03,929 ALMOST REALTIME FROM US. >> YES, WE CAN SEE WHAT THEY'RE 403 00:23:03,929 --> 00:23:06,740 DOING AND WHEN THEY'RE DOING IT. >> THAT'S REALLY COOL. 404 00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:08,370 ALL RIGHT. READY FOR SOME QUESTIONS? 405 00:23:08,370 --> 00:23:11,280 >> YES. >> WE HAVE ANOTHER SOFIA FROM 406 00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,980 VERMONT WITH A QUESTION. >> HOW DOES UNDERWATER TRAINING 407 00:23:14,980 --> 00:23:21,549 HELP ASTRONAUTS IN SPACE? >> WELL, THE PROBLEM IS THAT IN 408 00:23:21,549 --> 00:23:23,400 OUTER SPACE, YOU DON'T HAVE GRAVITY. 409 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:27,260 YOU DON'T HAVE AN ENVIRONMENT. UNDERWATER TRAINING IS ONE WAY 410 00:23:27,260 --> 00:23:31,530 WE CAN SIMULATE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO WHAT IT'S LIKE OUT 411 00:23:31,530 --> 00:23:34,669 IN SPACE TO SPACE WALK. THE ASTRONAUTS CAN GO UP IN A 412 00:23:34,669 --> 00:23:38,549 SPACE SUIT THAT'S WEIGHTED DOWN. THEY HAVE SCUBA MEN GUIDING THEM 413 00:23:38,549 --> 00:23:41,130 ALONG. IT GIVES THEM A FEELING FOR THE 414 00:23:41,130 --> 00:23:44,650 PHYSICS OF WORKING OUT IN SPACE. IT'S NOT AN EXACT MATCH, BUT 415 00:23:44,650 --> 00:23:46,990 IT'S AS CLOSE AS WE CAN DO HERE ON EARTH. 416 00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:48,799 >> WE HAVE AN AUDIENCE QUESTION NEXT. 417 00:23:48,799 --> 00:23:58,210 >> MY QUESTION IS, ARE THERE ANIMALS IN THE SPACE STATION? 418 00:23:58,210 --> 00:24:00,929 >> ARE THERE ANIMALS ON THE SPACE STATION? 419 00:24:00,929 --> 00:24:06,669 >> THEY TAKE ANIMALS FOR VERY LIMITED EXPERIMENTS ON THE SPACE 420 00:24:06,669 --> 00:24:10,159 STATION, BUT THEY HAVEN'T HAD LARGE ANIMALS. 421 00:24:10,159 --> 00:24:13,330 WE THINK OF DOGS IN SPACE OR MONKEYS, BUT THEY'VE NEVER GONE 422 00:24:13,330 --> 00:24:16,830 UP WITH HUMANS. THE KIND OF ANIMALS THEY TAKE, 423 00:24:16,830 --> 00:24:22,409 INSECTS. THEY'VE TAKEN SPIDERS TO SEE HOW 424 00:24:22,409 --> 00:24:25,320 THEY FUNCTION IN SPACE AND HOW THEY MOVE AROUND. 425 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:27,480 THEY'RE VERY LIMITED AND HAVE TO BE ISOLATED. 426 00:24:27,480 --> 00:24:30,350 YOU DON'T WANT ANIMALS TO ESCAPE IN YOUR SPACE STATION. 427 00:24:30,350 --> 00:24:31,970 IT'S GOING TO BE A PRETTY BIG MESS. 428 00:24:31,970 --> 00:24:34,080 >> I WOULD NOT WANT SPIDERS RUNNING AROUND THE SPACE STATION 429 00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:35,080 AT ALL. ALL RIGHT. 430 00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:38,250 WE HAVE AN ONLINE QUESTION NEXT. HOW LONG WILL THE INTERNATIONAL 431 00:24:38,250 --> 00:24:41,880 SPACE STATION STAY IN OPERATION? >> WELL, THAT'S A VERY GOOD 432 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,789 QUESTION. IT'S A MATTER OF DIPLOMACY AND 433 00:24:45,789 --> 00:24:49,140 FUNDING. THE SPACE STATION IS SUPPOSED TO 434 00:24:49,140 --> 00:24:54,100 STAY IN OPERATION UNTIL 2025. THE UNITED STATES AND NASA HAVE 435 00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:58,039 BEEN TALKING ABOUT GETTING IT TO STAY UNTIL 2027. 436 00:24:58,039 --> 00:25:01,049 THEY HAVE TO WAIT TO SEE IF THE RUSSIANS AGREE. 437 00:25:01,049 --> 00:25:04,049 AND THEY ALSO HAVE TO WAIT TO SEE WHAT THE NEXT PLANS ARE. 438 00:25:04,049 --> 00:25:07,880 IF THEY'RE GOING TO DO A JOINT MISSION TO MARS, THEY MAY CUT IT 439 00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:11,679 SHORT, OR THEY MAY USE THE SPACE STATION AS A JUMPING OFF POINT 440 00:25:11,679 --> 00:25:13,150 FOR A MARS MISSION. >> ALL RIGHT. 441 00:25:13,150 --> 00:25:16,730 ANOTHER ONLINE QUESTION. WHAT IS MICROGRAVITY? 442 00:25:16,730 --> 00:25:22,309 >> WELL, AS I WAS SAYING BEFORE, FALLING WAS MISSING IN THE WORD 443 00:25:22,309 --> 00:25:24,659 CLOUD. THAT'S WHAT MICROGRAVITY IS. 444 00:25:24,659 --> 00:25:30,299 IT'S THAT FALLING AT 17,500 MILES AN HOUR, NEVER QUITE 445 00:25:30,299 --> 00:25:33,120 FALLING BACK TO EARTH, BUT STILL HAVING THAT FEELING OF FALLING. 446 00:25:33,120 --> 00:25:36,990 ASTRONAUTS DON'T REALLY FEEL IT INSIDE THE SPACE STATION BECAUSE 447 00:25:36,990 --> 00:25:40,029 THE WHOLE STATION IS FALLING. WHEN THEY REALLY FEEL IT IS WHEN 448 00:25:40,029 --> 00:25:43,360 THEY GO OUT TO TAKE A SPACE WALK AND THEY LOOK OUT AND ACTUALLY 449 00:25:43,360 --> 00:25:47,070 FEEL THAT SENSATION OF FALLING. SOMETIMES THEY SAY IT TAKES THEM 450 00:25:47,070 --> 00:25:51,679 A LITTLE WHILE TO LET GO OF THAT HANDLE BECAUSE THEY'RE STRAPPED 451 00:25:51,679 --> 00:25:54,559 ON BUT FEEL THAT FALLING SENSATION. 452 00:25:54,559 --> 00:25:59,029 >> AND THEY'RE ACTUALLY FALLING AT THE SAME RATE AS THE SPACE 453 00:25:59,029 --> 00:26:01,090 STATION. >> THEY'RE JUST NOT AWARE OF IT 454 00:26:01,090 --> 00:26:02,130 UNTIL THEY'RE OUT THERE. >> ALL RIGHT. 455 00:26:02,130 --> 00:26:06,549 WE HAVE AN AUDIENCE QUESTION. >> MY QUESTION IS, HOW LONG DID 456 00:26:06,549 --> 00:26:08,760 IT TAKE TO BUILD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION? 457 00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:11,539 >> HOW LONG DID IT TAKE TO BUILD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION? 458 00:26:11,539 --> 00:26:14,260 >> WELL, THAT IS ANOTHER TRICK QUESTION. 459 00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,309 THEY'RE STILL BUILDING IT. THEY STARTED OUT WITH THE THREE 460 00:26:17,309 --> 00:26:22,470 UNITS IN 2000. THE FIRST ONE WAS LAUNCHED IN 461 00:26:22,470 --> 00:26:24,240 1998. THEY FINALLY BOLTED THEM 462 00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:26,909 TOGETHER AND INHABITED IT IN 2000. 463 00:26:26,909 --> 00:26:28,830 BUT THEY'RE STILL ADDING COMPONENTS. 464 00:26:28,830 --> 00:26:31,750 THERE ARE THREE COMPONENTS THAT ARE WAITING TO BE LAUNCHED TO BE 465 00:26:31,750 --> 00:26:35,000 BOLTED ON TO THE SPACE STATION. SO THEY'RE STILL BUILDING IT 15 466 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:36,250 YEARS LATER. >> AWESOME. 467 00:26:36,250 --> 00:26:38,350 KATHY, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US TODAY. 468 00:26:38,350 --> 00:26:40,789 I'D LIKE TO THANK ALL OF OUR ONLINE VIEWERS FOR WATCHING 469 00:26:40,789 --> 00:26:43,150 TODAY AND SUBMITTING SOME REALLY GOOD QUESTIONS. 470 00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:45,970 WE WANT TO ENCOURAGE YOU GUYS TO WATCH OUR NEXT SHOW, DECEMBER 471 00:26:45,970 --> 00:26:49,429 17th, AS WE COME TO YOU FROM DEERBORNE, MICHIGAN, ON THE 472 00:26:49,429 --> 00:26:52,840 ANNIVERSARY OF THE WRIGHT BROTHERS' FLIGHT. 473 00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:55,690 HERE'S BETH WITH MORE INFORMATION. 474 00:26:55,690 --> 00:26:59,679 >> HI. I'M BETH WILSON, ONE OF THE 475 00:26:59,679 --> 00:27:05,380 HOSTS OF S.T.E.M. IN 30. TAKE A LOOK AT THIS. 476 00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:08,220 THIS IS ORVILLE WRIGHT'S MANDOLIN. 477 00:27:08,220 --> 00:27:10,250 >> HEY! HE WAS AN INVENTOR, NOT IN A 478 00:27:10,250 --> 00:27:12,700 BAND. >> YES, OKAY. 479 00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:16,090 ORVILLE AND HIS BROTHER DID INVENT THE AIRPLANE, BUT A LOT 480 00:27:16,090 --> 00:27:20,140 OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS AND INVENTORS HAVE OTHER INTERESTS. 481 00:27:20,140 --> 00:27:23,980 PAINTING, DRAWING, MUSIC, AND DANCE. 482 00:27:23,980 --> 00:27:27,010 BUT ACCORDING TO ORVILLE'S SISTER KATHERINE†-- 483 00:27:27,010 --> 00:27:31,799 >> HE BEGAN LESSONS ON THE MANDOLIN, AND WE'RE GETTING EVEN 484 00:27:31,799 --> 00:27:35,380 WITH THE NEIGHBORHOOD FOR THE NOISE THEY HAVE MADE ON PIANOS. 485 00:27:35,380 --> 00:27:39,130 HE SITS AROUND AND PICKS THAT THING UNTIL I CAN HARDLY STAY IN 486 00:27:39,130 --> 00:27:41,510 THE HOUSE. >> WELL, HE MAY NOT HAVE BEEN 487 00:27:41,510 --> 00:27:44,580 THE BEST MANDOLIN PLAYER, BUT AT LEAST HE GAVE IT A TRY. 488 00:27:44,580 --> 00:27:46,750 IF YOU THINK THIS IS INTERESTING, BE SURE TO CHECK 489 00:27:46,750 --> 00:27:56,720 OUT OUR NEXT S.T.E.M. IN 30. >> WE HOPE TO SEE EVERYBODY NEXT